Ima Keithel: Manipur’s Empowerment, Struggle, Identity

Manipur, celebrated for its extraordinary cultural legacy and breathtaking natural beauty, is home to one of the most distinctive socio-economic institutions in Asia—Ima Keithel, or the “Mother’s Market.” Located in the heart of Imphal, the capital city of Manipur, Ima Keithel is Asia’s largest all-women market and holds immense historical, cultural, and economic significance. The term Ima Keithel comes from the Meitei language, where Ima translates to “mother” and Keithel means “market.” Established during the 16th century, this 500-year-old market has evolved into a symbol of female empowerment, strength, and leadership. Adhering to its unique tradition, Ima Keithel allows only married women to trade, restricting male participation in any commercial activities to preserve its cultural heritage. The market is also known as Nupi Keithel (“Women’s Market”), focusing on its central role in upholding the socio-economic independence of Manipuri women.

Historical Origins: The Lallup-Kaba System and the Birth of Ima Keithel

The origins of Ima Keithel are deeply intertwined with the Lallup-Kaba labor system, a form of conscription implemented in 1533 CE during the reign of Pakhangba, a ruler of Manipur. Under this system, male members of the Meitei community, aged 17 to 60, were compelled to serve in distant regions, either in military roles or as laborers. With the absence of male family members, the burden of sustaining households fell upon the women. To fulfill these responsibilities, Manipuri women began engaging in economic activities such as weaving textiles, cultivating paddy fields, and trading goods. Over time, these efforts coalesced into the establishment of Ima Keithel, a market where women could sell essential items like food products, handloom tools, and household goods. Thus, Ima Keithel emerged not only as an economic institution but also as a symbol of women’s adaptability and determination in the face of societal challenges.

Contemporary Structure: The Three Sections of Ima Keithel

Today, Ima Keithel stands as a complex of three large interconnected structures, each specializing in different types of goods and services. These structures are divided into sections to streamline the market’s operations while retaining its traditional essence:

1. 1. Leimarel Shidabi Ima (Purana Bazaar): The oldest and largest section of the market, Leimarel Shidabi Ima is renowned for its wide range of goods, including bamboo crafts, pure cotton threads, jewelry, fruits, flowers, fish, and spices. It also houses a shrine dedicated to Keithel Lairembi, an ancient Meitei goddess believed to be the protector of the market and its women. The integration of spiritual elements with commerce enhances the cultural depth of the market.
   2. Emoinu Ima Keithel (Laxmi Bazaar): Known for its smaller but equally vibrant stalls, Emoinu Ima Keithel focuses on household and textile items such as bedcovers, mosquito nets, shawls, and traditional clothes. This section is particularly notable for its display of colorful shawls representing the various indigenous communities of Manipur, emphasizing the state’s cultural diversity.
   3. Phouibee Ima Keithel (New Market): This section specializes in handloom and traditional attire, including phaneks (traditional Meitei skirts), sarees, and inaphi (a type of draped shawl). Phouibee Ima Keithel plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting the unique handloom traditions of the Meitei community.

Administered by a women’s union, the market also operates a credit system that enables traders to borrow money to purchase goods, ensuring the sustainability of their businesses. This system reflects the market’s collective ethos and commitment to mutual support among its traders.

Socio-Political Significance: A Hub of Struggles and Activism

Beyond its economic importance, Ima Keithel has historically served as a focal point for political activism and resistance. The market played a pivotal role in the Nupi Lan movements, or “Women’s Wars,” against British colonial rule. The first uprising in 1904 was a direct response to the British authorities’ exploitative policies, including the forced labor system and the large-scale export of food crops. The second uprising in 1939 was fueled by excessive taxation on water and other colonial injustices. During this period, over 5,000 Manipuri women united to protest, showcasing the collective strength and political acumen of the women of Ima Keithel. These uprisings marked a significant chapter in the history of anti-colonial struggle and emphasized the market’s role as a center for socio-political discourse.

The impact of these movements is commemorated annually on December 12, observed as Nupi Lan Day in Manipur. This day stands as a reminder of the courage and determination of Manipuri women in challenging systemic oppression.

Cultural Legacy and Global Appeal

Over the course of five centuries, Ima Keithel has evolved into a vibrant cultural hub, attracting tourists and scholars from across the globe. The market not only celebrates the entrepreneurial spirit of Manipuri women but also stands as a living archive of the state’s rich cultural heritage. Its unique structure, traditions, and historical significance continue to inspire efforts to preserve and promote it as a symbol of women’s empowerment and cultural pride.

In conclusion, Ima Keithel is far more than a marketplace. It represents the intersection of history, culture, and empowerment, standing as a testament to the strength and resourcefulness of Manipuri women. Through its economic contributions, socio-political activism, and cultural preservation, Ima Keithel continues to shape the narrative of gender equality and cultural identity in Manipur. Its legacy, rooted in both struggle and triumph, remains an enduring source of inspiration for generations to come.

Degree of Thought is a weekly community column initiated by Tetso College in partnership with The Morung Express. Degree of Thought will delve into the social, cultural, political and educational issues around us. The views expressed here do not reflect the opinion of the institution. Tetso College is a NAAC Accredited UGC recognised Commerce and Arts College. The editorial team includes Chubamenla, Asst. Professor, Dept. of English and Rinsit Sareo, Asst. Manager, IT, Media & Communications.

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